TRT, Blood Sugar & Energy: Unlocking the Link Between Hormones and Health

Introduction

Testosterone is one of the most important hormones in the human body. It plays a major role in muscle growth, bone strength, energy levels, and even mood. For men, testosterone is responsible for many aspects of their health, but it also affects women in smaller amounts. As people age, testosterone levels naturally decline. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, low energy, and problems with blood sugar regulation. In some cases, doctors may recommend Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) to help restore normal hormone levels.

TRT is a treatment that increases testosterone levels in men who have low testosterone. It comes in different forms, including injections, patches, gels, and implants. Many people seek TRT to improve their energy, strength, and overall well-being. However, some people also wonder about its effect on blood sugar levels, insulin resistance, and metabolism. This is because hormones like testosterone and insulin are closely linked. If testosterone levels are too low, it can lead to higher blood sugar and even increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, some worry that taking TRT could negatively affect blood sugar and cause problems in the long run.

In recent years, more people have become interested in the relationship between hormones and metabolic health. Some studies suggest that TRT can help with insulin sensitivity, which means the body can use sugar more effectively. This is important for preventing diabetes and maintaining good energy levels. At the same time, there are concerns about whether TRT could have negative effects on blood sugar control, especially for people who are already at risk for diabetes. Because of this, it is important to understand how testosterone and blood sugar are connected.

Blood sugar is the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. Glucose is a type of sugar that the body uses for energy. When we eat, carbohydrates in food are broken down into glucose, which enters the blood. The pancreas then releases insulin, a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose and use it for energy. If the body does not produce enough insulin or does not respond to it properly, blood sugar levels can become too high. This can lead to insulin resistance, prediabetes, or Type 2 diabetes over time.

Testosterone is believed to play a role in how the body processes glucose. Research suggests that low testosterone levels are linked to higher insulin resistance, which means the body does not use insulin effectively. When insulin resistance occurs, glucose stays in the bloodstream instead of being absorbed by the cells. Over time, this can lead to high blood sugar levels and increase the risk of diabetes. Some studies suggest that men with low testosterone are more likely to develop diabetes than those with normal levels.

Because of this, researchers have been studying whether TRT can help improve insulin sensitivity. Some studies have shown promising results, suggesting that TRT may help lower blood sugar levels in some men. However, the effects of TRT on blood sugar are not the same for everyone. Some men may experience improvements, while others may not see significant changes. This is why it is important for people considering TRT to talk to their doctors and monitor their blood sugar levels regularly.

Another reason people are interested in the connection between TRT and blood sugar is its effect on energy levels. Many men with low testosterone report feeling tired, sluggish, and unmotivated. Since blood sugar levels play a major role in energy production, some experts believe that improving testosterone levels may help with overall energy and stamina. However, there are many factors that affect energy, including diet, exercise, sleep, and overall health. Simply taking TRT will not solve all energy problems, but it may help when combined with a healthy lifestyle.

The purpose of this article is to explore the connection between TRT, blood sugar, and energy levels. Many people search for answers about how TRT affects metabolism and whether it is helpful or harmful for blood sugar control. This article will answer the most common questions about TRT and its effects on insulin, diabetes risk, weight management, and energy levels. By the end, readers will have a clear understanding of how testosterone influences metabolic health and what they should consider before starting TRT.

What Is TRT and How Does It Work?

Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) is a medical treatment that helps men with low testosterone levels return to a healthy hormonal balance. Testosterone is a key hormone responsible for many body functions, including muscle growth, fat distribution, energy levels, mood, and blood sugar control. When testosterone levels drop too low, it can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, reduced muscle mass, low sex drive, mood changes, and even difficulty regulating blood sugar levels.

Who Needs TRT?

TRT is primarily used to treat a condition called hypogonadism, which occurs when the body does not produce enough testosterone. This can be caused by:

• Aging – Testosterone levels naturally decline by about 1% per year after age 30. Some men experience a sharper decline, leading to noticeable symptoms.
• Medical conditions – Certain illnesses, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, autoimmune diseases, and chronic stress, can cause testosterone levels to drop.
• Injury or damage to the testicles – Accidents, surgeries, or infections affecting the testes can reduce testosterone production.
• Hormonal disorders – Problems with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, which control hormone production, can also cause low testosterone.
• Certain medications – Long-term use of opioids, steroids, or chemotherapy drugs can lower testosterone.

Doctors diagnose low testosterone through blood tests that measure total and free testosterone levels. If levels are consistently low and symptoms are present, TRT may be recommended.

How Does TRT Work?

TRT works by restoring testosterone levels in the body to improve symptoms of deficiency. When a man takes TRT, the body absorbs testosterone from an external source, helping to restore hormone balance. This can lead to:

• Increased energy and reduced fatigue
• Better muscle growth and fat loss
• Improved mood and mental clarity
• Stronger sex drive and better sexual function
• Improved insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control

However, TRT does not cure low testosterone. It provides a steady supply of the hormone, but the body may still struggle to produce its own testosterone naturally. This is why TRT is usually a long-term treatment that requires medical supervision.

Forms of TRT

There are several ways to take TRT, and the best option depends on a person’s lifestyle, preferences, and medical history. The most common forms include:

1. Injections – One of the most popular methods. Testosterone is injected directly into the muscle, usually in the thigh or glute. Depending on the type, injections may be given weekly, biweekly, or even monthly. This method provides a high level of testosterone but may cause hormonal ups and downs between doses.
2. Gels – Applied to the skin daily, usually on the shoulders or upper arms. The body absorbs testosterone through the skin, keeping levels stable. However, the risk of transferring testosterone to others (such as family members through skin contact) is a concern.
3. Patches – Worn on the skin, these patches release testosterone throughout the day. They are easy to use but can sometimes cause skin irritation.
4. Pellets – Small pellets are inserted under the skin (usually in the hip area) by a doctor. They slowly release testosterone over several months, making this a low-maintenance option. However, the procedure involves a small incision, and adjusting the dose requires another minor surgery.
5. Oral and Buccal Tablets – Some testosterone tablets dissolve in the mouth, allowing the hormone to enter the bloodstream. This method is less common since it may cause liver strain and is not as effective as other options.

Each method has its pros and cons. Doctors help patients choose the best option based on their testosterone levels, symptoms, lifestyle, and potential risks.

How TRT Affects the Endocrine System

The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and regulate hormones in the body. Testosterone is mainly produced in the testes, but the process is controlled by the brain, specifically the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

• The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary gland, telling it to release luteinizing hormone (LH).
• LH then stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.

When TRT is introduced, the body receives testosterone from an external source, which can sometimes cause the brain to stop sending LH signals. This may reduce natural testosterone production, leading to testicular shrinkage or lower sperm count. This is why men who still want to have children should discuss options with their doctor before starting TRT.

TRT can also affect other hormones, such as estrogen. Some testosterone naturally converts into estrogen through a process called aromatization. If estrogen levels get too high, it can cause side effects like water retention, mood swings, and breast tissue growth (gynecomastia). In some cases, doctors may prescribe medications to control estrogen levels while on TRT.

TRT is a well-established treatment for low testosterone and can significantly improve energy, muscle mass, mood, and even blood sugar regulation. It comes in multiple forms, each with different advantages and drawbacks. Since TRT affects the entire hormonal system, careful monitoring is needed to ensure balanced hormone levels and avoid side effects. A doctor will regularly check testosterone, estrogen, and other hormone levels to adjust treatment as needed.

Understanding how TRT works, who it is for, and how it affects the body is key to making informed decisions about treatment. With proper supervision, TRT can be a powerful tool in restoring energy, improving metabolism, and enhancing overall health.

How Does TRT Affect Blood Sugar Levels?

Testosterone plays a critical role in how the body processes sugar and regulates insulin, the hormone responsible for controlling blood glucose levels. When testosterone levels are low, the body may struggle to use insulin properly, leading to insulin resistance and higher blood sugar levels. Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) can impact glucose metabolism, and many people wonder whether it improves or worsens blood sugar control.

The Role of Testosterone in Glucose Metabolism

Glucose metabolism is the process of breaking down sugar from food to create energy. Insulin helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells, where it can be used for energy. Testosterone influences this process by affecting how the body responds to insulin.

Testosterone interacts with insulin receptors on cells, helping them take in glucose efficiently. When testosterone levels are normal, insulin can do its job properly, keeping blood sugar levels stable. However, when testosterone is low, cells may not respond as well to insulin, leading to a condition called insulin resistance. This means glucose stays in the bloodstream instead of being used for energy, which can increase blood sugar levels over time.

How Testosterone Affects Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance

Insulin sensitivity refers to how well the body responds to insulin. When someone is insulin-sensitive, they require less insulin to keep blood sugar levels in check. On the other hand, insulin resistance means that the body needs more insulin to move the same amount of glucose into the cells.

Research has shown that men with low testosterone levels are more likely to develop insulin resistance. This can lead to prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, conditions where the body struggles to regulate blood sugar effectively. Testosterone helps prevent insulin resistance by:

• Increasing the number of insulin receptors on muscle cells
• Reducing fat storage, especially in the abdominal area, which is linked to insulin resistance
• Lowering inflammation, which can interfere with insulin function

When testosterone levels drop, these protective effects are lost, making it harder for the body to control blood sugar.

The Effect of TRT on Blood Sugar Fluctuations

Blood sugar levels naturally rise and fall throughout the day, depending on meals, physical activity, and hormone levels. People with low testosterone may experience higher blood sugar spikes after eating because their bodies are less responsive to insulin.

TRT can help stabilize blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity. With increased testosterone, the body can process glucose more efficiently, leading to fewer extreme blood sugar swings. Some men on TRT notice that their fasting blood sugar levels decrease, meaning their blood sugar is lower in the morning after an overnight fast.

However, the effects of TRT on blood sugar are not the same for everyone. Some individuals may see improvements, while others may not notice significant changes. Factors such as diet, exercise, overall health, and how the body responds to testosterone influence the outcome.

Research Findings on TRT and Blood Sugar Management

Several studies have explored the link between TRT and blood sugar control. One study found that men with low testosterone who received TRT had lower blood sugar levels and improved insulin sensitivity after several months of treatment. Another study showed that men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone experienced better blood sugar control when they were on TRT.

However, not all studies agree. Some research suggests that TRT might not have a significant effect on blood sugar levels in certain individuals, particularly those without insulin resistance or diabetes. Additionally, TRT can sometimes cause slight increases in red blood cell production, which may impact circulation and glucose delivery to tissues.

Because of these mixed results, doctors recommend regular blood sugar monitoring for men undergoing TRT. It’s important to track changes in fasting glucose, HbA1c (a long-term measure of blood sugar levels), and insulin sensitivity to ensure TRT is not negatively affecting metabolism.

Testosterone plays an essential role in regulating blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity and helping the body use glucose efficiently. When testosterone levels are low, insulin resistance can develop, leading to higher blood sugar levels and an increased risk of diabetes.

For many men with low testosterone, TRT can improve blood sugar control by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing fat accumulation. However, results can vary, and it is important to monitor blood sugar levels regularly while on TRT. Working with a healthcare provider to assess hormonal and metabolic health ensures the best outcomes for both testosterone and blood sugar management.

Can Low Testosterone Cause High Blood Sugar?

The link between low testosterone levels and high blood sugar is well-documented in medical research. Testosterone plays an important role in how the body processes glucose, and when levels drop too low, blood sugar levels can rise. This connection is especially important for men with hypogonadism (a condition where the body doesn’t produce enough testosterone) and those at risk for Type 2 Diabetes.

The Connection Between Low Testosterone and Insulin Resistance

One of the most important ways testosterone affects blood sugar is through insulin sensitivity. Insulin is a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream to use for energy. When the body becomes insulin resistant, cells stop responding properly to insulin, causing glucose to build up in the blood. This leads to high blood sugar levels, which over time can contribute to prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes.

Studies show that men with low testosterone are more likely to develop insulin resistance. When testosterone levels are low, the body's ability to properly regulate glucose is weakened. As a result, insulin has a harder time doing its job, and blood sugar levels increase.

How Hypogonadism Affects Metabolic Health

Hypogonadism, or chronically low testosterone, can negatively impact many aspects of metabolism, leading to:

• Increased fat storage – Low testosterone is linked to a higher amount of visceral fat (fat stored around the organs). This type of fat is dangerous because it produces chemicals that increase inflammation and worsen insulin resistance.
• Loss of muscle mass – Testosterone helps build and maintain muscle, which is a key factor in blood sugar regulation. More muscle means the body burns more glucose for energy. When testosterone levels drop, muscle loss occurs, leading to a slower metabolism and reduced ability to regulate glucose.
• Higher cortisol levels – Low testosterone is often associated with higher cortisol (stress hormone) levels, which can raise blood sugar and contribute to weight gain.

These metabolic changes increase the risk of developing diabetes, especially in men with obesity or existing insulin resistance.

Studies Linking Low Testosterone to Type 2 Diabetes

Multiple clinical studies have shown that men with lower testosterone levels are more likely to develop Type 2 Diabetes.

• A study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found that men with low testosterone were more likely to have insulin resistance, even if they did not yet have diabetes.
• Another study in the journal Diabetes Care observed that men with low testosterone had higher fasting glucose levels and a greater risk of developing diabetes over time.
• Research also indicates that men with diabetes tend to have lower free testosterone levels than men without diabetes. This suggests that there is a two-way relationship between testosterone and blood sugar: Low testosterone can contribute to diabetes, and diabetes itself may cause a further drop in testosterone.

Symptoms of Low Testosterone and Poor Glucose Regulation

Men with low testosterone often experience physical and metabolic symptoms that indicate their blood sugar is not being properly controlled. Some of the most common symptoms include:

• Unexplained weight gain, particularly around the abdomen
• Fatigue and low energy levels
• Increased sugar cravings
• Brain fog and difficulty concentrating
• Reduced muscle strength and loss of muscle mass
• Mood changes, including depression or irritability

If a man has both low testosterone and high blood sugar, he may also notice signs of insulin resistance, such as:

• Frequent hunger, even after eating
• Increased thirst and urination
• Dark patches of skin (acanthosis nigricans) on the neck, armpits, or groin
• Slow healing of cuts and wounds

Since these symptoms can develop gradually, many men do not realize that their hormonal imbalance is affecting their blood sugar. That is why it is important to get blood tests to check both testosterone and glucose levels if there are concerns.

Who Is at the Highest Risk?

Certain groups of men are more likely to experience both low testosterone and high blood sugar. Risk factors include:

• Age over 40 – Testosterone levels naturally decline with age, increasing the risk of metabolic issues.
• Obesity – Excess fat, especially around the belly, lowers testosterone and worsens insulin resistance.
• Sedentary lifestyle – Lack of physical activity contributes to both lower testosterone and poor glucose metabolism.
• Chronic stress – High cortisol from ongoing stress reduces testosterone and disrupts insulin function.
• Poor diet – Diets high in sugar and processed foods lead to blood sugar spikes and hormonal imbalances.
• Sleep deprivation – Lack of sleep has been shown to lower testosterone and cause insulin resistance.

Men who fall into these categories should be especially mindful of their testosterone levels and blood sugar health.

Low testosterone is strongly linked to insulin resistance and poor blood sugar control. Research suggests that testosterone deficiency increases the risk of Type 2 Diabetes and that managing testosterone levels may help with glucose metabolism.

Men experiencing symptoms of low energy, weight gain, and poor blood sugar control should consider getting tested for testosterone levels and insulin resistance. Addressing hormonal imbalances early may help prevent more serious metabolic conditions in the future.

By understanding the connection between testosterone and blood sugar, men can take the right steps toward better health and long-term wellness.

Does TRT Help Lower Blood Sugar and Improve Insulin Sensitivity?

Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) has been linked to improvements in blood sugar control and insulin sensitivity. Many men with low testosterone levels also struggle with insulin resistance, a condition where the body’s cells do not respond well to insulin, leading to higher blood sugar levels. Studies suggest that increasing testosterone levels through TRT may help improve how the body processes glucose and insulin. However, results can vary based on individual health conditions, dosage, and other lifestyle factors.

How Testosterone Affects Insulin Sensitivity

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps cells absorb glucose from the blood. When insulin sensitivity is high, cells easily take in glucose, keeping blood sugar levels stable. When sensitivity is low, the body needs more insulin to move glucose into cells, increasing the risk of Type 2 diabetes.

Testosterone plays a role in insulin function. It helps regulate fat distribution, muscle mass, and energy metabolism. Muscle tissue is highly sensitive to insulin, and having more muscle means the body can use glucose more effectively. When testosterone levels are low, fat accumulation increases, and muscle mass decreases. This shift can make it harder for the body to regulate blood sugar properly.

TRT and Lowering Insulin Resistance

Several studies suggest that TRT can help improve insulin sensitivity, making it easier for the body to manage blood sugar. Researchers have observed that men with low testosterone often have higher insulin resistance, which can lead to prediabetes or diabetes. By restoring testosterone levels, some men experience:

• Lower fasting blood sugar – TRT has been shown to reduce fasting glucose levels, meaning the body processes sugar more efficiently even after long periods without eating.
• Improved insulin response – Cells may become more sensitive to insulin, requiring less of the hormone to regulate blood sugar.
• Reduced belly fat – Excess fat around the abdomen is strongly linked to insulin resistance. Testosterone helps promote fat loss and lean muscle gain, both of which support better blood sugar control.

A study published in the journal Diabetes Care found that men with Type 2 diabetes and low testosterone who underwent TRT showed significant improvements in insulin sensitivity compared to those who did not receive treatment. Another study in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found that TRT helped reduce blood sugar levels in men with metabolic syndrome, a condition linked to obesity and insulin resistance.

Why Some People See Better Results Than Others

While TRT appears to help many men with insulin resistance, the degree of improvement can vary. Several factors influence the effects of testosterone therapy on blood sugar, including:

1. Baseline testosterone levels – Men with severe testosterone deficiency tend to see the most improvement in insulin sensitivity after TRT. Those with only mild deficiencies may not experience dramatic changes.
2. Body composition – Individuals with higher muscle mass and lower body fat typically have better glucose metabolism. TRT can help shift body composition, but results depend on diet and exercise habits.
3. Age and metabolic health – Older individuals or those with long-term diabetes may not experience the same level of improvement as younger men or those in the early stages of insulin resistance.
4. Dosage and administration – The way TRT is given (injections, gels, or patches) and the dosage can influence how well it affects insulin sensitivity. Too much testosterone can convert into estrogen, which might counteract some benefits.

Does TRT Work for Diabetic Patients?

Men with diabetes may experience different responses to TRT. Some studies suggest that TRT can improve insulin function in diabetic patients, helping them manage blood sugar levels more effectively. However, others show mixed results, especially in cases where diabetes has already caused significant damage to insulin-producing cells.

Doctors often monitor diabetic patients on TRT closely by checking their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, which measure average blood sugar over three months. If TRT helps lower HbA1c, it suggests that blood sugar control is improving. However, TRT should always be part of a comprehensive diabetes management plan that includes diet, exercise, and medication when needed.

The Role of Exercise and Diet

For the best blood sugar benefits, TRT should be combined with regular exercise and a healthy diet. Resistance training, such as weightlifting, helps build muscle, which naturally improves insulin sensitivity. Aerobic exercise, like walking or cycling, also supports glucose metabolism.

Diet plays an essential role as well. Eating balanced meals with lean protein, healthy fats, and fiber-rich carbohydrates can prevent blood sugar spikes. Reducing processed sugars and refined carbs helps maintain stable glucose levels.

TRT has the potential to lower blood sugar and improve insulin sensitivity, particularly in men with low testosterone. By increasing muscle mass, reducing fat storage, and enhancing insulin function, TRT may help some men better manage their blood sugar levels. However, results depend on many factors, including overall health, lifestyle choices, and the severity of insulin resistance.

While TRT can be a useful tool for improving metabolic health, it should not replace proper diet, exercise, and medical care. Anyone considering TRT for blood sugar control should consult with a doctor to discuss risks, benefits, and the best approach for their specific situation.

How Does TRT Influence Energy Levels and Fatigue?

Testosterone plays a key role in energy production and overall well-being. Many men with low testosterone report feeling constantly tired, unmotivated, and mentally drained. Some describe this fatigue as a deep exhaustion that does not go away even after a full night of sleep.

When testosterone levels are low, the body struggles to produce energy efficiently. This can lead to physical fatigue, brain fog, and a general feeling of sluggishness. Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) may help restore normal energy levels by supporting several essential processes in the body.

Testosterone and Energy Production

Energy production happens at the cellular level, inside tiny structures called mitochondria. Mitochondria are responsible for turning food into usable energy. Testosterone helps regulate how well mitochondria function. When testosterone levels are low, mitochondria become less efficient, leading to lower energy production.

Studies suggest that testosterone may influence ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production. ATP is the primary energy source for the body. If ATP levels are low, energy levels drop, and fatigue sets in. TRT may improve mitochondrial function, leading to better energy production and less fatigue.

How Low Testosterone Causes Fatigue

Low testosterone can cause fatigue in several ways. Some of the most common include:

1. Reduced Red Blood Cell Production
   • Testosterone helps stimulate red blood cell production. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. When testosterone is low, oxygen delivery to muscles and organs decreases, making it harder to stay energized. This can lead to feelings of weakness and tiredness.
2. Slower Metabolism
   • Testosterone plays a role in maintaining a healthy metabolism. When levels drop, the body burns fewer calories for energy. This can lead to weight gain, sluggishness, and a general lack of motivation.
3. Poor Sleep Quality
   • Many men with low testosterone experience sleep disturbances, including insomnia, sleep apnea, or waking up frequently during the night. Poor sleep leads to daytime fatigue, brain fog, and difficulty concentrating.
4. Increased Stress Hormones
   • Low testosterone can cause an increase in cortisol, the body's primary stress hormone. High cortisol levels can drain energy, disrupt sleep, and contribute to feelings of exhaustion.

Can TRT Improve Energy and Reduce Fatigue?

TRT has been shown to help many men feel more energized. By restoring testosterone levels to a healthy range, TRT may improve mitochondrial function, oxygen delivery, and metabolism.

Several studies have found that men receiving TRT report:

• Increased daytime energy
• Better concentration and mental clarity
• Less fatigue and sluggishness
• Improved motivation for physical activity

One study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found that men with low testosterone who received TRT experienced significant improvements in energy levels and reduced fatigue compared to those who did not receive treatment.

The Connection Between Blood Sugar, Testosterone, and Energy

Testosterone and blood sugar levels are closely linked. When blood sugar levels are unstable, energy levels can rise and fall rapidly throughout the day. Low testosterone can contribute to poor blood sugar control, leading to fatigue, irritability, and difficulty focusing.

Here’s how TRT may help:

1. Improved Insulin Sensitivity
   • Testosterone plays a role in insulin regulation. Insulin helps move sugar from the bloodstream into cells, where it can be used for energy. When testosterone levels are low, insulin does not work as efficiently, leading to high blood sugar and energy crashes. TRT may help improve insulin sensitivity, allowing for more stable energy levels.
2. Better Muscle Function
   • Muscles are one of the main storage sites for glucose (sugar). Low testosterone can lead to muscle loss, reducing the body's ability to store and use glucose efficiently. TRT can help increase muscle mass, leading to better blood sugar control and sustained energy levels.
3. More Consistent Energy Throughout the Day
   • Many men with low testosterone experience afternoon crashes, where energy suddenly drops in the middle of the day. This is often linked to blood sugar fluctuations. By improving insulin sensitivity and metabolism, TRT may help keep energy levels steady from morning to night.

Does TRT Work for Everyone?

While many men report higher energy levels on TRT, individual results can vary. Some men may feel an improvement within a few weeks, while others may take several months to notice changes. Factors that can influence the effectiveness of TRT include:

• Age and overall health
• Dosage and method of administration (injections, gels, patches)
• Diet and exercise habits
• Sleep quality and stress levels

If TRT does not improve energy levels, it is important to check for other underlying causes such as nutrient deficiencies, thyroid issues, or chronic stress. Working with a doctor to monitor hormone levels and overall health is key to achieving the best results.

Low testosterone can lead to constant fatigue, poor motivation, and low mental clarity. TRT may help improve energy production, metabolism, and blood sugar control, leading to better stamina and overall well-being. However, TRT is not a quick fix. Lifestyle factors such as nutrition, exercise, and sleep also play a major role in maintaining steady energy levels and good health.

For men struggling with fatigue and low testosterone, testing hormone levels and discussing TRT options with a healthcare provider can be an important step toward feeling more energized and active.

Can TRT Help with Weight Loss and Metabolic Health?

Testosterone plays a key role in metabolism, muscle growth, and fat distribution. When testosterone levels are low, the body tends to store more fat and struggle with maintaining a healthy weight. Many men who experience low testosterone also report increased belly fat, reduced muscle mass, and difficulty losing weight despite exercise and diet. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been shown to help with fat loss and metabolic health by influencing the way the body processes energy, builds muscle, and regulates blood sugar.

Testosterone and Fat Storage

One of the biggest effects of low testosterone is an increase in fat storage, especially in the abdominal area. Fat in this region, known as visceral fat, surrounds internal organs and increases the risk of serious health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, and metabolic syndrome. Low testosterone contributes to fat gain by slowing down the body's metabolism and reducing the efficiency of insulin, the hormone responsible for controlling blood sugar.

Studies have found that men with low testosterone are more likely to develop insulin resistance, a condition where the body does not respond properly to insulin. This can lead to higher blood sugar levels and increased fat storage. When testosterone levels are restored through TRT, insulin function often improves, making it easier for the body to use glucose properly instead of storing it as fat.

TRT and Muscle Mass

Testosterone is essential for building and maintaining muscle mass. Muscle tissue burns more calories than fat, even when the body is at rest. When testosterone levels are low, it becomes harder to build and keep muscle, leading to a slower metabolism and increased fat gain. Many men with low testosterone notice that their muscles become smaller and weaker over time, making physical activity more difficult.

TRT can help reverse these changes by stimulating muscle protein synthesis, which is the process of building new muscle tissue. As muscle mass increases, the body naturally burns more calories throughout the day. This makes it easier to lose weight and keep it off. Studies have shown that men who start TRT often experience increases in lean muscle mass, which leads to better overall body composition—less fat and more muscle.

The Connection Between Testosterone, Blood Sugar, and Weight Loss

Testosterone also plays a role in regulating blood sugar levels. Low testosterone is often linked to higher insulin resistance, meaning the body has trouble processing sugar efficiently. This leads to more sugar being stored as fat, especially around the belly.

By improving insulin sensitivity, TRT can help the body use glucose more effectively, preventing excessive fat storage. This is especially important for men who are overweight or at risk for type 2 diabetes. Some studies suggest that TRT can lower fasting blood sugar levels and improve overall metabolic function, making it easier to maintain a healthy weight.

Does TRT Alone Lead to Weight Loss?

While TRT can support weight loss and metabolic health, it is not a magic solution. Simply starting TRT without making other lifestyle changes will not cause dramatic weight loss. However, when combined with a healthy diet and regular exercise, TRT can help men lose weight more efficiently and keep it off in the long run.

Exercise, especially strength training and resistance exercises, works together with TRT to increase muscle mass and burn fat. Cardiovascular activities such as running, cycling, or swimming can further improve heart health and help regulate blood sugar. Eating a balanced diet rich in protein, healthy fats, and complex carbohydrates can enhance the effects of TRT by providing the body with the nutrients it needs to function optimally.

Scientific Evidence on TRT and Weight Loss

Several studies have examined the effects of TRT on body composition and metabolic health. Research has shown that men undergoing TRT often experience a reduction in body fat and an increase in lean muscle mass.

• A study published in the journal Obesity found that men with low testosterone who received TRT for a year lost a significant amount of visceral fat compared to those who did not receive treatment.
• Another study in Diabetes Care found that TRT improved insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control in men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone.
• Research in the European Journal of Endocrinology reported that TRT helped increase energy levels and motivation, making it easier for men to engage in physical activity and maintain a healthier lifestyle.

These findings suggest that TRT can be an effective tool for improving metabolic health, particularly when combined with exercise and proper nutrition.

Long-Term Benefits for Metabolic Health

Beyond weight loss, TRT can provide long-term benefits for overall metabolic health. By maintaining healthy testosterone levels, men may lower their risk of developing obesity-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and metabolic syndrome. Additionally, TRT can support bone health, improve energy levels, and enhance overall well-being, making it easier to maintain an active lifestyle.

Men who are considering TRT for weight loss and metabolic benefits should work closely with a healthcare provider to monitor progress and adjust treatment as needed. Regular blood tests can help ensure that testosterone levels stay within a healthy range and that metabolic markers such as blood sugar and cholesterol remain stable.

TRT can be a valuable tool for reducing fat, increasing muscle mass, and improving metabolic function, but it works best when combined with a healthy lifestyle. While TRT may help restore energy levels, boost metabolism, and improve insulin sensitivity, lasting weight loss requires consistent effort with exercise and proper nutrition. By taking a comprehensive approach to health, men can maximize the benefits of TRT and achieve better long-term metabolic health.

Are There Risks of TRT Increasing Blood Sugar or Worsening Insulin Resistance?

Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) can have many benefits, including increased energy, muscle growth, and improved mood. Some people also experience better blood sugar control while on TRT. However, TRT is not risk-free, and its effects on blood sugar and insulin sensitivity can vary from person to person.

Understanding the possible risks of TRT on blood sugar is important, especially for those with diabetes, prediabetes, or insulin resistance. While some studies show that TRT improves blood sugar levels, others suggest that it may raise glucose levels or worsen insulin resistance in certain cases. Several factors, including dosage, individual health conditions, and lifestyle choices, play a role in how TRT affects metabolism.

How TRT Might Increase Blood Sugar in Some People

TRT affects the way the body processes glucose and insulin. In many cases, it improves insulin sensitivity, meaning cells become better at using insulin to absorb sugar from the bloodstream. However, there are situations where TRT might cause higher blood sugar levels instead of lowering them.

1. Increased Red Blood Cell Production and Thickened Blood
   • TRT can increase red blood cell count and hematocrit levels, which can make the blood thicker.
   • Thicker blood slows circulation and reduces oxygen delivery to tissues, which may lead to higher insulin resistance.
   • In some cases, this can cause elevated blood sugar levels over time.
2. Changes in Fluid Balance and Cortisol Levels
   • TRT may lead to fluid retention, which can affect the body's ability to regulate glucose levels.
   • Increased cortisol (the stress hormone) from TRT-related changes can interfere with insulin function.
   • When cortisol is high, the liver releases more glucose into the blood, leading to temporary spikes in blood sugar.
3. Dose-Dependent Effects on Insulin Sensitivity
   • Higher doses of testosterone may have a negative effect on insulin sensitivity in some individuals.
   • Studies suggest that while low-to-moderate doses of TRT can improve glucose control, excessive testosterone levels can have the opposite effect.
   • Some people experience worsening insulin resistance if TRT is not properly monitored.
4. Impact on Liver Function and Fat Metabolism
   • The liver plays a key role in regulating blood sugar.
   • Testosterone influences liver function, which may affect how the body processes insulin and glucose.
   • In some cases, TRT can lead to higher triglycerides and fatty liver, which are linked to insulin resistance.

The Role of Individual Health Factors

Not everyone on TRT will experience higher blood sugar levels. Several personal health factors influence how TRT affects metabolism, including:

1. Preexisting Insulin Resistance or Diabetes
   • People with Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes may be more sensitive to hormonal changes.
   • Some individuals on TRT see improvements in blood sugar, while others may experience higher glucose levels if insulin resistance worsens.
2. Body Fat Percentage
   • Higher body fat, especially abdominal fat, is linked to insulin resistance.
   • TRT can help reduce fat, but for those with severe obesity, changes in metabolism might temporarily affect glucose levels.
3. Age and Lifestyle Habits
   • Older individuals and those with poor diet or low physical activity are more likely to experience negative metabolic effects from TRT.
   • A healthy lifestyle can reduce these risks.

How to Reduce the Risk of TRT Worsening Blood Sugar

If there are concerns about TRT and blood sugar, certain steps can help manage potential risks:

1. Regular Blood Sugar Monitoring
   • Checking fasting glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels before and during TRT helps track any changes.
   • If blood sugar levels start increasing, adjustments in TRT dosage or lifestyle may be needed.
2. Optimizing TRT Dosage and Treatment Plan
   • Working with a doctor to find the right dose of TRT is crucial.
   • Regular blood work ensures that testosterone levels stay in a healthy range without causing metabolic issues.
3. Maintaining a Balanced Diet
   • A diet rich in protein, fiber, and healthy fats supports blood sugar stability.
   • Avoiding excessive refined carbs and sugars helps prevent glucose spikes.
4. Engaging in Regular Exercise
   • Resistance training and cardio improve insulin sensitivity and help regulate blood sugar.
   • Weight lifting and aerobic exercise can enhance the benefits of TRT on metabolism.
5. Staying Hydrated and Managing Stress
   • Drinking plenty of water prevents blood thickening, which is a possible side effect of TRT.
   • Reducing stress through meditation, deep breathing, or therapy can help keep cortisol levels in check.
6. Adjusting TRT if Necessary
   • If blood sugar levels rise too much, a doctor might suggest lowering the dose or changing the method of testosterone delivery (gel, injection, or patch).
   • Some individuals may need additional medications or supplements to support insulin function.

TRT can improve metabolic health for many individuals, but it does not work the same for everyone. Some people experience better insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar, while others may face challenges such as higher glucose levels or increased insulin resistance.

Regular monitoring, a healthy lifestyle, and proper TRT management are key to reducing the risks. For those with diabetes or prediabetes, close communication with a healthcare provider can help ensure that TRT remains a safe and beneficial treatment without negatively impacting blood sugar control.

How Should TRT Patients Monitor Blood Sugar and Metabolic Health?

Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) can affect how the body processes blood sugar. Some people may experience improved blood sugar control, while others might see changes that require careful monitoring. Keeping track of metabolic health is important to avoid complications like insulin resistance, high blood sugar, or unexpected weight gain.

Doctors recommend regular blood tests, healthy lifestyle choices, and staying alert to signs of metabolic changes. By following these steps, TRT users can maintain stable blood sugar levels and enjoy better energy and overall health.

Regular Blood Tests for Monitoring Blood Sugar and Insulin

Routine blood work helps track how TRT affects the body's ability to regulate glucose. Some key tests include:

1. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) Test

• Measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours
• A normal result is below 100 mg/dL
• 100-125 mg/dL may indicate prediabetes
• 126 mg/dL or higher on two tests may signal diabetes

Since testosterone can influence blood sugar levels, testing FBG regularly ensures early detection of any negative changes.

2. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test

• Measures average blood sugar levels over 2-3 months
• A result below 5.7% is normal
• 5.7-6.4% suggests prediabetes
• 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes

Some men on TRT may see lower HbA1c levels due to improved insulin sensitivity, while others may need adjustments to avoid higher levels.

3. Insulin Levels and Insulin Sensitivity Tests

• Fasting Insulin Test measures how much insulin the body produces
• HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) helps determine if the body is becoming insulin-resistant

Monitoring insulin sensitivity is important because testosterone can lower or increase insulin resistance depending on the individual.

4. Lipid Panel (Cholesterol Test)

• TRT can impact cholesterol levels, which are linked to metabolic health
• Checks HDL (good cholesterol), LDL (bad cholesterol), and triglycerides
• High triglycerides or low HDL may signal metabolic syndrome

These tests are typically done every 3 to 6 months when starting TRT, and then at least once a year after stabilization.

Healthy Eating for Blood Sugar and Hormone Balance

A proper diet helps manage blood sugar and keeps energy levels steady. Certain foods can support testosterone levels, while others may cause insulin spikes and increase fat storage.

1. Focus on Protein-Rich Foods

Protein helps maintain muscle mass, controls appetite, and prevents blood sugar spikes. Good protein sources include:

• Lean meats like chicken, turkey, and beef
• Fish rich in omega-3s, such as salmon and mackerel
• Eggs, Greek yogurt, and cottage cheese
• Plant-based options like lentils, beans, and tofu

2. Choose Complex Carbohydrates Over Simple Carbs

Refined carbs cause blood sugar spikes. Complex carbs digest slowly, keeping blood sugar steady. Examples include:

• Brown rice, quinoa, and oats
• Sweet potatoes instead of white potatoes
• Leafy greens and cruciferous vegetables

3. Avoid Excess Sugar and Processed Foods

• Soft drinks, candy, and pastries cause blood sugar swings
• Processed snacks with refined flour can increase insulin resistance
• Healthy fats from nuts, seeds, and olive oil help balance blood sugar

Exercise for Stable Blood Sugar and Energy

Staying active improves insulin sensitivity and helps testosterone work better in the body.

1. Strength Training

Lifting weights or doing bodyweight exercises increases muscle mass, which helps the body store and use glucose more efficiently. Aim for 3-4 sessions per week focusing on major muscle groups.

2. Cardiovascular Exercise

Walking, cycling, or swimming for at least 30 minutes most days of the week improves circulation and helps prevent insulin resistance.

3. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)

Short bursts of intense activity followed by rest periods burn fat, increase testosterone, and improve metabolic health.

Sleep and Stress Management for Better Metabolism

Poor sleep and high stress increase cortisol, which can interfere with testosterone and blood sugar regulation.

1. Sleep at Least 7-9 Hours a Night

• Deep sleep helps balance hormones and prevent insulin resistance
• Avoiding screens before bed and keeping a regular schedule improve sleep quality

2. Manage Stress to Prevent Blood Sugar Spikes

Chronic stress raises cortisol, leading to higher blood sugar and fat storage. Helpful stress management techniques include:

• Meditation and breathing exercises
• Yoga or stretching routines
• Spending time outdoors or engaging in hobbies

Working with a Doctor to Adjust TRT if Needed

Regular checkups ensure TRT is not negatively affecting blood sugar or metabolic health. A doctor may adjust the dosage or type of TRT if tests show:

• Worsening insulin resistance
• Increased fasting blood sugar levels
• Unexplained weight gain or fatigue

Some men may need additional dietary changes, medication adjustments, or lifestyle modifications to keep their blood sugar stable.

Signs That Blood Sugar May Be Off Balance on TRT

It’s important to recognize warning signs that TRT may be affecting blood sugar levels. These include:

• Frequent thirst and urination (signs of high blood sugar)
• Unexplained weight gain or loss
• Sudden fatigue after eating
• Increased cravings for sugar or carbs
• Feeling shaky or dizzy between meals

If any of these occur, it may be time to adjust diet, exercise, or TRT dosage under a doctor’s guidance.

Monitoring blood sugar while on TRT is key to maintaining good metabolic health and energy levels. Regular blood tests, a healthy diet, exercise, and proper sleep help keep glucose levels steady and support testosterone function. With the right approach, TRT users can balance hormones, manage blood sugar, and feel their best.

What Lifestyle and Dietary Factors Enhance the Benefits of TRT on Blood Sugar and Energy?

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) can help regulate blood sugar levels and boost energy, but its effects are even stronger when combined with the right lifestyle and diet choices. Hormones do not work in isolation—they interact with diet, exercise, sleep, and stress levels. People who make the right lifestyle choices while on TRT often see better results, including improved insulin sensitivity, steady energy levels, and better metabolic health.

Exercise: The Key to Maximizing TRT Benefits

Exercise plays a major role in boosting testosterone levels and improving how the body processes blood sugar. Physical activity helps muscles absorb glucose from the blood, reducing insulin resistance and keeping energy levels stable. Two types of exercise are especially helpful:

1. Resistance Training (Weightlifting and Strength Training)
   • Lifting weights increases muscle mass, which helps the body use blood sugar more effectively.
   • More muscle means more glucose storage, reducing the risk of high blood sugar levels.
   • Studies show that men who do regular strength training experience a greater increase in testosterone levels compared to those who do not exercise.
   • Exercises like squats, deadlifts, bench presses, and pull-ups are great for boosting testosterone naturally.
2. Cardiovascular Exercise (Walking, Jogging, Cycling, Swimming)
   • Cardio helps the heart and improves blood flow, which is important for overall health.
   • It lowers insulin resistance and helps prevent fat gain, which can lead to higher testosterone levels.
   • High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve both testosterone levels and insulin sensitivity.

A combination of strength training and cardio provides the best results. It keeps blood sugar levels in check, supports TRT benefits, and prevents weight gain.

Eating for Testosterone and Blood Sugar Control

Food choices have a direct impact on hormone levels and blood sugar regulation. Some foods help testosterone production and insulin sensitivity, while others can cause blood sugar spikes and hormonal imbalances.

Best Foods for Supporting TRT and Blood Sugar Stability

• Lean Proteins (Chicken, Fish, Eggs, and Lean Beef): Protein helps maintain muscle mass, which is crucial for testosterone function.
• Healthy Fats (Olive Oil, Avocados, Nuts, and Fatty Fish): Fats are important for hormone production, including testosterone.
• Fiber-Rich Vegetables (Broccoli, Spinach, Kale, and Asparagus): These support digestion, prevent blood sugar spikes, and contain nutrients that help testosterone.
• Whole Grains (Quinoa, Brown Rice, Oats): These provide steady energy and prevent insulin spikes.
• Magnesium-Rich Foods (Pumpkin Seeds, Almonds, Dark Chocolate): Magnesium plays a key role in testosterone production and insulin sensitivity.

Foods to Avoid or Limit

• Sugar and Processed Carbohydrates (Candy, White Bread, Soda): These cause rapid blood sugar spikes and crashes, leading to fatigue and weight gain.
• Trans Fats and Processed Foods (Fried Food, Fast Food, Packaged Snacks): These increase inflammation and can reduce testosterone levels.
• Excessive Alcohol: Alcohol can lower testosterone production and worsen insulin resistance, making it harder to control blood sugar.

Following a balanced diet rich in whole foods while avoiding excessive sugar and processed foods can enhance the effects of TRT on blood sugar and energy.

The Role of Sleep in Testosterone and Metabolic Health

Sleep is one of the most overlooked factors in hormone balance and blood sugar regulation. Poor sleep can lead to low testosterone levels, insulin resistance, and chronic fatigue.

• The body produces the most testosterone during deep sleep. Not getting enough sleep can lower testosterone levels, even in men on TRT.
• Lack of sleep also increases cortisol (the stress hormone), which can raise blood sugar levels and lead to weight gain.
• Studies show that people who sleep less than six hours per night have a higher risk of Type 2 diabetes and metabolic issues.

To get better sleep and support TRT benefits:

• Aim for 7 to 9 hours of quality sleep every night.
• Maintain a consistent sleep schedule, even on weekends.
• Avoid screens and blue light before bedtime.
• Keep the bedroom cool and dark for deeper sleep.

Managing Stress to Support Testosterone and Blood Sugar Balance

Stress has a major effect on hormones, especially testosterone and insulin. When stress levels are high, the body produces more cortisol, which can lower testosterone and make blood sugar levels unstable.

• Chronic stress leads to weight gain and increased insulin resistance.
• High cortisol levels can counteract the benefits of TRT by reducing free testosterone levels.

To keep stress under control:

• Practice relaxation techniques like meditation, deep breathing, or yoga.
• Engage in physical activity to release endorphins and lower cortisol.
• Take breaks from work and spend time doing enjoyable activities.
• Get enough sleep, as sleep deprivation increases stress levels.

By managing stress, men on TRT can enhance their testosterone levels, improve energy, and maintain stable blood sugar levels.

Key Nutrients for Hormonal and Metabolic Health

Certain vitamins and minerals play a role in both testosterone production and blood sugar regulation. Including these in the diet or taking supplements can be beneficial:

• Vitamin D: Supports testosterone production and improves insulin sensitivity. (Sources: Sunlight, fatty fish, fortified dairy products.)
• Zinc: Important for testosterone synthesis and immune function. (Sources: Oysters, beef, pumpkin seeds.)
• Magnesium: Helps reduce insulin resistance and supports muscle function. (Sources: Nuts, spinach, dark chocolate.)
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Reduce inflammation and improve insulin sensitivity. (Sources: Salmon, flaxseeds, walnuts.)

Regular blood tests can help determine if supplementation is needed.

TRT can be an effective treatment for improving testosterone levels, blood sugar control, and energy, but it works best when combined with healthy lifestyle choices. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, quality sleep, and stress management are all essential for maximizing the benefits of TRT.

Men who pay attention to these factors often experience better results, fewer side effects, and improved overall health. Making these changes doesn’t just help testosterone levels—it also supports long-term metabolic health, energy levels, and quality of life.

Conclusion

Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) plays an important role in hormonal balance, blood sugar control, and energy levels. Many men use TRT to treat low testosterone levels, but its effects go beyond improving sexual health and muscle mass. One key area where TRT has an impact is blood sugar regulation. Understanding how testosterone affects insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and energy production is crucial for anyone considering TRT, especially those with diabetes, prediabetes, or metabolic concerns.

One of the most important takeaways from this discussion is that testosterone and blood sugar are closely connected. Research shows that men with low testosterone levels are more likely to experience high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and even Type 2 Diabetes. Testosterone helps the body use insulin more effectively, allowing glucose to enter the cells and be used for energy. When testosterone levels drop, the body may struggle to regulate blood sugar, leading to higher glucose levels and a higher risk of metabolic disorders.

For men with low testosterone, TRT may help improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar levels. Studies suggest that TRT can reduce insulin resistance, which means the body can process glucose more efficiently. Some research also shows that TRT can help lower fasting blood sugar and may reduce the risk of developing diabetes in men with low testosterone. However, TRT is not a cure for diabetes and should not be used as a replacement for proper diet, exercise, and medical care.

Beyond blood sugar control, TRT can also have a major effect on energy levels. Low testosterone is often linked to chronic fatigue, lack of motivation, and low stamina. Since testosterone plays a role in mitochondrial function and energy production, men with low T may feel constantly tired, even after a full night’s sleep. TRT can help improve energy by enhancing metabolism, increasing muscle strength, and improving mental focus. Many men on TRT report feeling more active, productive, and physically capable after starting therapy.

Another key benefit of TRT is its role in body composition and weight management. Testosterone is anabolic, meaning it helps build muscle mass while reducing fat storage. Since excess body fat, especially belly fat, contributes to insulin resistance, reducing fat levels can further help with blood sugar regulation. Many men on TRT experience weight loss, muscle gain, and an improvement in metabolic health, especially when combined with a healthy diet and regular exercise.

Despite these benefits, TRT is not without risks. Some men may experience higher blood sugar levels or other metabolic changes while on TRT. This could be due to individual differences in hormone response, dosage, or underlying health conditions. That’s why it’s critical to monitor blood sugar, insulin levels, and overall metabolic health during TRT. Regular blood tests, doctor visits, and lifestyle adjustments can help minimize risks and maximize benefits.

To get the best results from TRT, men should also focus on lifestyle factors that support hormone balance and metabolic health. Exercise, particularly resistance training and cardio, can boost testosterone naturally and improve insulin sensitivity. A balanced diet rich in lean proteins, healthy fats, and complex carbohydrates can help stabilize blood sugar and reduce inflammation. Good sleep habits and stress management techniques are also key, as both poor sleep and high stress can lower testosterone and worsen insulin resistance.

In summary, TRT can be a powerful tool for improving blood sugar control, energy levels, and overall health, but it should always be used under medical supervision. While testosterone therapy may lower insulin resistance and improve glucose metabolism, it is not a standalone solution for metabolic health issues. A combination of TRT, a healthy lifestyle, and regular medical monitoring is the best approach to achieving long-term benefits.

For men struggling with low testosterone, fatigue, or blood sugar imbalances, discussing TRT with a healthcare provider is an important first step. By taking a holistic approach to hormonal and metabolic health, individuals can improve their energy, vitality, and long-term well-being while minimizing risks.