Introduction

Testosterone therapy (TT) is a medical treatment used to help people with low testosterone levels. Testosterone is a hormone that plays an important role in many body functions, including muscle growth, bone strength, energy levels, and sexual health. It also affects the brain and mental health. Doctors often prescribe testosterone therapy for men with low testosterone due to aging, medical conditions, or hormone imbalances. Some people also use it for performance enhancement or bodybuilding, though this is not recommended without medical supervision.

While testosterone therapy can help with low energy, muscle loss, and sexual health problems, it can also have mental and emotional effects. Many people wonder how TT impacts mood, anxiety, memory, and overall brain function. Some report feeling more confident and motivated, while others experience mood swings, irritability, or even depression. Because testosterone interacts with brain chemicals, it can affect emotions, stress levels, and cognitive function. This is why it is important to understand both the benefits and risks of TT when it comes to mental health.

In recent years, more men have been prescribed TT due to increasing awareness of low testosterone and its effects on the body. Some studies suggest that testosterone levels naturally decline with age, starting in the mid-30s or 40s. This condition, often called “low T” or “testosterone deficiency,” can lead to fatigue, weight gain, and depression. Many men seek treatment to restore their testosterone levels to what they were in their younger years. However, not everyone responds the same way to TT. Some people feel immediate improvements in mood and energy, while others struggle with unexpected mental side effects.

One of the biggest concerns about testosterone therapy is its effect on mood stability. Some men feel a boost in confidence and reduced anxiety, while others report feeling more aggressive or short-tempered. This happens because testosterone influences brain chemicals like dopamine and serotonin, which are linked to emotions and behavior. When testosterone levels rise or fall quickly, it can cause changes in mood, similar to how some people feel emotional ups and downs when their blood sugar fluctuates.

Another common concern is how TT affects anxiety and depression. Some studies suggest that increasing testosterone can help reduce symptoms of depression, especially in men with low levels. However, other studies show that TT might cause increased anxiety in some people. Factors like dosage, individual brain chemistry, and existing mental health conditions can all play a role in how a person reacts to the treatment.

Cognitive function is another area where testosterone may have an impact. Many men worry about memory problems or difficulty concentrating as they get older. Some research suggests that testosterone helps support brain health and may even protect against conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. However, other studies warn that hormonal imbalances caused by TT could lead to brain fog or trouble focusing, especially in the early stages of treatment.

Testosterone therapy can also affect sleep, which is directly linked to mental health. Some men experience improved sleep when they start TT, while others struggle with insomnia or restless nights. Since sleep is essential for emotional stability and cognitive function, any changes in sleep patterns due to TT could also contribute to mood swings, irritability, or difficulty concentrating.

Because testosterone is a powerful hormone, the effects of TT vary widely from person to person. Some factors that influence mental side effects include the dosage of testosterone, the method of delivery (such as injections, patches, or gels), and the body’s natural ability to process the hormone. Additionally, lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, stress levels, and sleep habits can also impact how TT affects mental health.

The goal of this article is to explain the mental side effects of testosterone therapy in a clear and understandable way. Many people have questions about how TT affects the brain, mood, and overall mental well-being. This article will explore the most common concerns and provide information based on medical research. By the end, readers will have a better understanding of how TT might influence their mental health and what to watch for if they are considering or currently using testosterone therapy.

How Does Testosterone Influence the Brain?

Testosterone is a hormone that plays an essential role in many aspects of a person's health, including muscle growth, bone density, and sex drive. However, its effects go beyond just the body. Testosterone also has a major impact on the brain, affecting mood, memory, and mental health.

When someone takes testosterone therapy (TT), the levels of testosterone in their body change. These changes can influence how the brain functions, sometimes in positive ways and sometimes in negative ways. Understanding how testosterone affects the brain can help people be more aware of potential mental side effects before starting treatment.

Testosterone and Brain Function

Testosterone affects the brain in several ways:

It Helps with Mood Regulation – Testosterone interacts with neurotransmitters, which are chemicals in the brain that control emotions. Low testosterone levels are often linked to depression and irritability, while balanced levels help maintain a stable mood.
It Supports Cognitive Function – Some research suggests that testosterone may help with memory, focus, and problem-solving. However, too much or too little testosterone may lead to issues like forgetfulness or trouble concentrating.
It Influences Stress and Anxiety Levels – Testosterone plays a role in how the body reacts to stress. Some studies suggest that it may lower anxiety, but in certain cases, high doses may increase feelings of nervousness or restlessness.

Since testosterone therapy directly changes hormone levels, it can impact these brain functions, leading to noticeable mental effects.

How Testosterone Interacts with Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow brain cells to communicate. They help control emotions, energy levels, and thinking ability. Testosterone interacts with several important neurotransmitters, including:

Dopamine – This chemical is linked to motivation, pleasure, and reward. Testosterone increases dopamine activity, which can lead to improved mood, more energy, and a stronger sex drive. However, too much dopamine can cause impulsive behavior or even aggression in some cases.
Serotonin – This neurotransmitter helps regulate mood and emotions. Some studies suggest that testosterone therapy might lower serotonin levels, which could contribute to mood swings, irritability, or even depression in some individuals.
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) – GABA is responsible for calming the brain and reducing anxiety. Some research suggests that testosterone may reduce GABA activity, making some people more prone to restlessness or anxiety while on therapy.

Since neurotransmitters help control how people feel and think, changes in testosterone levels can lead to shifts in mood, emotions, and mental well-being.

Endogenous vs. Exogenous Testosterone: What’s the Difference?

Endogenous testosterone is the testosterone that a person’s body naturally produces. The brain and body work together to regulate its levels, keeping them balanced. When testosterone levels are too low, the brain signals the body to make more.

Exogenous testosterone refers to testosterone that comes from an outside source, such as injections, gels, or patches used in testosterone therapy. When someone takes TT, their body stops producing as much natural testosterone because it senses there is already enough in the bloodstream. This can affect the body's natural hormone balance, leading to potential mental side effects.

Some people adjust well to this change, while others may experience mood swings, anxiety, or depression as their body adapts. This is why doctors carefully monitor hormone levels during TT to ensure a healthy balance.

How Testosterone Levels Impact Mental Health

Testosterone levels naturally decline with age. This can lead to symptoms such as:

Depression – Many men with low testosterone feel sad, unmotivated, or fatigued.
Anxiety – Hormonal imbalances may make some people feel more anxious or on edge.
Irritability – Some individuals experience frustration or anger more easily when testosterone levels drop.

For some people, TT helps improve these symptoms by restoring testosterone to a healthy level. However, for others, the sudden hormonal change can have the opposite effect, leading to mood swings or other mental side effects.

Testosterone plays a significant role in brain function. It affects mood, memory, and mental well-being by interacting with neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. When a person starts testosterone therapy, their hormone levels shift, which can lead to both positive and negative mental effects.

Understanding how testosterone influences the brain can help people make informed decisions about their health. If someone is considering TT, they should discuss potential mental side effects with their doctor and monitor any changes in mood or behavior once they start treatment.

Can Testosterone Therapy Cause Mood Swings?

Testosterone therapy (TT) is commonly used to treat low testosterone levels in men, which can lead to fatigue, low libido, and depression. While many people focus on the physical benefits of testosterone replacement, its impact on mental health is just as important. One of the most common concerns among those considering TT is whether it can cause mood swings. Mood swings refer to sudden, intense changes in emotions, such as going from feeling happy to suddenly feeling angry or sad without a clear reason.

Many men report changes in their emotions after starting testosterone therapy, but the effects are not the same for everyone. Some feel more confident and motivated, while others experience increased irritability or emotional ups and downs. In this section, we will explore how testosterone therapy can influence mood, why mood swings might happen, and what factors play a role in emotional changes.

How Does Testosterone Affect Mood?

Testosterone plays a key role in brain function and emotional regulation. It affects neurotransmitters—chemicals in the brain that control mood, such as:

Dopamine – Involved in pleasure, motivation, and reward. Higher testosterone levels can increase dopamine activity, leading to improved mood and energy.
Serotonin – Helps regulate mood and prevent anxiety or depression. Some research suggests that low testosterone may lead to lower serotonin levels, contributing to mood instability.
Cortisol – Known as the "stress hormone." High testosterone levels can reduce cortisol, helping to lower stress and improve resilience. However, a sudden change in testosterone levels can sometimes create an imbalance, leading to emotional instability.

Because testosterone influences these brain chemicals, any sudden increase or decrease in testosterone levels can affect emotions and cause mood swings.

Why Do Some People Experience Mood Swings on Testosterone Therapy?

Not everyone on TT experiences mood swings, but for those who do, several key factors may be responsible:

Fluctuating Hormone Levels

Testosterone levels naturally rise and fall throughout the day. When someone starts TT, their body takes time to adjust to the new hormone levels. If the dosage is too high or too low, or if injections or patches cause rapid spikes and drops, mood swings can occur.

Too much testosterone – Can lead to irritability, aggression, or impulsive behavior.
Too little testosterone – Can contribute to depression, low motivation, and mood instability.

Finding the right dosage and a stable delivery method (such as gels, patches, or long-acting injections) can help reduce these mood fluctuations.

Individual Sensitivity to Hormonal Changes

Each person reacts differently to testosterone. Some men adjust smoothly, while others are more sensitive to changes in hormone levels. This sensitivity can make emotional shifts more noticeable, especially in the early stages of treatment.

Underlying Mental Health Conditions

Men who already have anxiety, depression, or other mental health conditions may be more likely to experience mood swings on TT. In some cases, testosterone therapy can improve mood disorders, but for others, it may worsen symptoms if not carefully managed.

Estrogen Conversion (Aromatization)

Some testosterone is naturally converted into estrogen in the body through a process called aromatization. If testosterone levels rise too much, more of it may be converted into estrogen, which can lead to emotional instability, irritability, or even increased feelings of sadness.

Doctors often monitor estrogen levels alongside testosterone to prevent imbalances that could contribute to mood swings.

Sleep Disruptions

Testosterone therapy can sometimes affect sleep patterns. Poor sleep or sleep deprivation can cause emotional instability and mood swings. If someone on TT experiences trouble sleeping, it can amplify emotional ups and downs.

What Do Studies Say About Testosterone and Mood?

Scientific research on TT and mood swings shows mixed results:

Some studies suggest TT improves mood. In men with low testosterone, therapy often reduces depression, increases confidence, and improves emotional stability.
Other studies find that TT can lead to increased aggression or irritability. However, this is more likely at high doses or in individuals with preexisting mood disorders.
Research also shows that proper hormone balance is key. When testosterone levels are maintained within a normal range, mood swings are less likely.

In general, studies indicate that mood changes on TT are more likely in the first few months of treatment, and symptoms usually stabilize over time.

How to Reduce Mood Swings on Testosterone Therapy

If you are experiencing mood swings while on TT, there are steps you can take to manage them:

Monitor Hormone Levels Regularly – Regular blood tests can ensure testosterone and estrogen levels are balanced.
Work with a Doctor – A healthcare provider can adjust the dosage or switch to a different form of testosterone if needed.
Use a Stable Delivery Method – Long-acting injections, gels, or patches may provide more consistent hormone levels compared to short-acting injections.
Manage Stress and Sleep – Getting enough sleep and reducing stress through exercise, meditation, or therapy can help stabilize mood.
Address Preexisting Mental Health Conditions – If you have a history of anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder, working with a mental health professional alongside TT can help.

Testosterone therapy can have a strong effect on mood, both positive and negative. Some men experience mood improvements, while others notice mood swings, irritability, or emotional ups and downs. These changes are usually temporary and can be managed with proper hormone monitoring, dosage adjustments, and lifestyle changes.

If you are on testosterone therapy and experiencing severe mood swings, it is important to talk to your doctor. They can help adjust your treatment plan to ensure that your mental and emotional health remains stable.

Does Testosterone Therapy Increase Anxiety or Decrease It?

Testosterone therapy (TT) can affect anxiety in different ways, and its effects vary from person to person. Some people report feeling calmer and more confident after starting testosterone therapy, while others experience an increase in anxiety. The reasons for these differences depend on factors like hormone balance, brain chemistry, and overall health.

How Testosterone Affects Anxiety

Testosterone is a hormone that influences many systems in the body, including the brain. It interacts with neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that help control mood, emotions, and mental well-being. The three main neurotransmitters affected by testosterone are:

Dopamine – This chemical helps regulate pleasure, motivation, and focus. Higher testosterone levels can increase dopamine activity, which may improve mood and reduce anxiety.
Serotonin – This neurotransmitter helps stabilize mood and promotes feelings of well-being. Low serotonin levels are linked to anxiety and depression. Some studies suggest that testosterone may help increase serotonin levels, leading to reduced anxiety.
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) – This neurotransmitter has a calming effect on the brain. It helps slow down brain activity, preventing feelings of nervousness and restlessness. Testosterone may enhance GABA function, which can make a person feel more relaxed.

Because testosterone interacts with these chemicals, it can influence anxiety levels. However, the effects are not always the same for everyone.

Why Some People Experience Less Anxiety on Testosterone Therapy

Many people who have low testosterone (low T) experience symptoms like fatigue, low energy, poor concentration, and anxiety. When they start testosterone therapy, some of these symptoms improve, leading to a decrease in anxiety.

Here are a few reasons why testosterone therapy might reduce anxiety:

Boost in Confidence – Testosterone is linked to self-esteem and confidence. Higher testosterone levels can make a person feel more in control of their life, reducing feelings of worry and insecurity.
Improved Energy Levels – People with low T often feel tired and sluggish. When testosterone levels rise, energy levels improve, making it easier to handle daily stress.
Better Mood Regulation – As testosterone affects dopamine and serotonin, it may help balance mood, preventing emotional ups and downs. This can lead to a more stable mental state.
Reduced Social Anxiety – Some studies suggest that testosterone may lower social anxiety by decreasing fear responses. This can make social situations feel less stressful.

For people with low testosterone, bringing their levels back to normal can have a positive impact on their mental health.

Why Some People Experience More Anxiety on Testosterone Therapy

While testosterone therapy can help some people feel calmer, others report increased anxiety, especially in the early stages of treatment. There are several reasons for this:

Hormonal Fluctuations – When someone starts TT, their hormone levels change quickly. The body needs time to adjust, and during this period, a person may feel more anxious than usual.
Overstimulation of the Nervous System – Testosterone increases dopamine, which can sometimes make people feel overly alert or restless. If dopamine levels rise too quickly, it can lead to feelings of unease or panic.
Excess Testosterone Conversion to Estrogen – Some of the testosterone in the body gets converted into estrogen. If too much is converted, it can cause mood swings, irritability, and increased anxiety.
Sleep Disruptions – Testosterone therapy can affect sleep patterns. Poor sleep can lead to increased anxiety and difficulty coping with stress.
Pre-existing Anxiety Disorders – If a person already has an anxiety disorder, changes in hormone levels may temporarily make their symptoms worse before they improve.

These side effects are usually temporary. Most people find that their anxiety levels return to normal after a few weeks or months as their body adjusts to the new hormone levels.

What Research Says About Testosterone and Anxiety

Scientific studies have found mixed results when it comes to testosterone therapy and anxiety. Some research suggests that testosterone has an anti-anxiety effect, while other studies show that it may increase anxiety in certain cases.

Studies Showing Testosterone Reduces Anxiety:

A study published in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology found that men with higher testosterone levels showed lower levels of anxiety.
Another study in Biological Psychiatry reported that testosterone therapy helped reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression in men with low T.

Studies Showing Testosterone Can Increase Anxiety:

Research in the journal Hormones and Behavior found that high doses of testosterone could increase anxiety-like behavior in some individuals.
Some studies suggest that men who naturally have high testosterone levels may be more prone to aggressive or impulsive behavior, which can sometimes be linked to anxiety.

These studies highlight that testosterone therapy does not affect everyone the same way. Some people experience relief from anxiety, while others may temporarily feel worse.

Managing Anxiety While on Testosterone Therapy

If you are experiencing increased anxiety after starting testosterone therapy, here are some ways to manage it:

Give It Time – Many side effects improve after a few weeks as the body adjusts to the new hormone levels.
Monitor Dosage – Work with your doctor to make sure your dosage is appropriate. Too much testosterone can increase anxiety.
Check Estrogen Levels – If your body is converting too much testosterone into estrogen, your doctor may recommend medication to control this process.
Practice Relaxation Techniques – Deep breathing, meditation, and exercise can help reduce anxiety.
Maintain a Healthy Sleep Schedule – Getting enough sleep can improve mood and reduce feelings of anxiety.
Talk to a Doctor or Therapist – If anxiety becomes overwhelming, consider speaking to a healthcare provider about additional support.

Testosterone therapy affects anxiety differently in each person. Some people experience a calming effect, while others feel more anxious, especially in the early stages of treatment. These effects are usually temporary and depend on factors like hormone balance, pre-existing anxiety conditions, and individual brain chemistry.

If you are starting testosterone therapy and notice increased anxiety, it is important to monitor your symptoms and talk to your doctor. Adjusting your dosage, checking hormone levels, and using stress-management techniques can help ensure that your mental health stays stable while on treatment.

Can Testosterone Therapy Cause Depression or Improve It?

Testosterone therapy (TT) is commonly prescribed for men with low testosterone levels (hypogonadism). One of the key reasons for using TT is to improve mood and energy levels, but some people worry that it could also cause depression. This section explores how testosterone therapy affects mental health, especially in relation to depression.

The Relationship Between Testosterone and Depression

Testosterone plays an important role in brain function, mood regulation, and emotional well-being. Studies have found that men with low testosterone are more likely to experience depression, fatigue, and a lack of motivation. Low testosterone can also make it harder to enjoy activities, concentrate, or feel emotionally stable.

In fact, some doctors prescribe testosterone therapy as a way to improve mood in men who have both low testosterone and depression. However, testosterone does not work the same way for everyone. Some people feel better after starting therapy, while others may not notice much change. In rare cases, some people even report feeling worse.

Can Testosterone Therapy Improve Depression?

For many men, testosterone therapy helps improve symptoms of depression, especially when the depression is linked to low testosterone levels. Here are a few reasons why TT might help with mood:

Boosts Energy Levels – Low testosterone often leads to fatigue and a lack of motivation. TT can restore energy, making people feel more active and engaged in daily life.
Improves Sleep – Poor sleep is linked to depression, and low testosterone can contribute to sleep problems. TT may help improve sleep patterns, leading to better mood and mental clarity.
Regulates Neurotransmitters – Testosterone influences brain chemicals like serotonin and dopamine, which help control emotions. Higher testosterone levels can increase these neurotransmitters, potentially improving mood.
Reduces Irritability – Men with low testosterone often feel more irritable, anxious, or overwhelmed. TT can balance emotions, making it easier to handle stress.
Enhances Motivation and Confidence – Some men on TT report feeling more driven, focused, and confident, which can reduce feelings of sadness and hopelessness.

A review of multiple studies found that testosterone therapy has a moderate antidepressant effect, particularly in men with very low testosterone. In some cases, TT is even used as an alternative or additional treatment for depression.

Can Testosterone Therapy Cause Depression?

While many men feel better with TT, some experience negative mood changes, including depression. Here are some reasons why this might happen:

Hormone Imbalance – Testosterone levels must be carefully managed. Too much testosterone can cause mood swings, irritability, and anxiety, while too little can lead to fatigue and sadness.
Estrogen Fluctuations – Testosterone is converted into estrogen in the body. If estrogen levels become too high, it can lead to emotional instability, including mood swings and depression.
Withdrawal Symptoms – If someone suddenly stops TT, their testosterone levels can drop quickly, leading to withdrawal-like symptoms such as depression, fatigue, and irritability.
Underlying Mental Health Conditions – If someone has depression or anxiety before starting TT, their symptoms might not improve or could even worsen. TT is not a cure for all forms of depression, and other treatments may be needed.
Side Effects from Other Medications – Some people on TT also take medications such as antidepressants or anxiety medications. These drugs can interact with testosterone, sometimes leading to unexpected mood changes.

It is important to note that serious cases of depression from TT are rare. Most people who experience mood issues can adjust their treatment with the help of a doctor.

Who is at Risk of Experiencing Depression on Testosterone Therapy?

While testosterone therapy is generally safe, some people may be more at risk of experiencing negative mood changes. This includes:

Men with a History of Depression or Anxiety – If someone has struggled with mental health issues before TT, they may be more likely to experience emotional ups and downs during treatment.
People Who Take Very High Doses – Higher doses of testosterone can cause rapid mood swings, aggression, and irritability, which may contribute to feelings of depression.
Individuals with Poorly Monitored Hormone Levels – If TT is not properly managed, hormone levels can become unbalanced, leading to emotional instability.
Those Who Stop Therapy Abruptly – Suddenly stopping TT can cause a dramatic drop in testosterone levels, leading to withdrawal symptoms like fatigue, irritability, and depression.

How to Prevent Depression While on Testosterone Therapy

If you are considering or already using testosterone therapy, there are ways to reduce the risk of depression:

Regular Blood Tests – Monitoring testosterone, estrogen, and other hormone levels can help keep them balanced and prevent mood changes.
Work with a Doctor – A healthcare provider can adjust the dosage if mood swings, anxiety, or depression occur.
Track Mood Changes – Keeping a journal of mood patterns can help identify any emotional changes related to TT.
Follow a Healthy Lifestyle – A balanced diet, regular exercise, good sleep, and stress management techniques can support mental well-being.
Avoid Stopping Therapy Abruptly – If you need to stop TT, do so under a doctor’s guidance to avoid sudden hormone fluctuations.
Consider Additional Mental Health Support – If depression continues despite balanced hormone levels, therapy or medication may be needed.

Testosterone therapy can have both positive and negative effects on mood. Many men experience improved energy, motivation, and mood stability, especially if their depression was linked to low testosterone. However, TT can also cause mood swings or depression in some people, particularly if hormone levels become imbalanced.

The key to safe and effective testosterone therapy is proper monitoring and medical supervision. If you experience depression or emotional changes while on TT, it is important to discuss them with your doctor. Adjusting the dosage, balancing hormone levels, or seeking additional mental health support can help ensure the best possible outcome.

Does Testosterone Therapy Affect Memory and Cognitive Function?

Testosterone plays a key role in brain function, especially in areas related to memory, focus, and thinking skills. Many people considering testosterone therapy (TT) wonder whether it will improve or harm their mental abilities. Research suggests that testosterone has both benefits and risks for brain health. In this section, we will explore how TT affects memory, cognitive function, and overall mental clarity.

How Does Testosterone Affect Brain Function?

Testosterone influences the brain in several ways:

Neurotransmitter Activity:
- Testosterone affects brain chemicals like dopamine and serotonin. These chemicals help regulate mood, motivation, and focus.
- Increased testosterone can boost dopamine levels, leading to improved motivation and concentration.
Blood Flow to the Brain:
- Testosterone helps keep blood vessels healthy. Proper blood flow ensures the brain gets enough oxygen and nutrients, which are needed for good cognitive function.
- Some studies suggest that higher testosterone levels improve brain blood flow, which may support better memory and mental sharpness.
Protection Against Brain Aging:
- Testosterone has protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
- Some research shows that men with low testosterone are at a higher risk for these diseases.

These effects suggest that testosterone is important for brain health, but how does therapy impact memory and thinking?

Does Testosterone Therapy Improve Memory and Focus?

Some studies suggest that TT may improve cognitive function, particularly in men with low testosterone levels.

Studies on Memory Improvement:
- Research has found that men with low testosterone often experience memory problems, forgetfulness, and trouble focusing.
- In some clinical trials, men who received TT showed better verbal memory (remembering words and conversations) and spatial memory (understanding locations and directions).
Effects on Attention and Mental Clarity:
- Some men report feeling more focused and mentally sharp after starting TT.
- This may be due to increased dopamine levels, which help with concentration and decision-making.
Potential Benefits for Aging Men:
- As men age, testosterone levels naturally decline. Some researchers believe this contributes to age-related cognitive decline.
- TT may help slow down this decline, though more research is needed to confirm long-term benefits.

While these findings are promising, not everyone on TT experiences improved memory or focus. Some individuals may even notice cognitive side effects.

Can Testosterone Therapy Cause Cognitive Problems?

Although many people experience mental benefits from TT, some report cognitive issues. These effects may be linked to improper dosing, hormonal imbalances, or other health factors.

Brain Fog and Confusion:
- Some men on TT report feeling mentally "foggy," meaning they have trouble thinking clearly or remembering details.
- This may happen when testosterone levels rise too quickly or become too high.
- Imbalances in estrogen (which is converted from testosterone) may also contribute to these symptoms.
Anxiety and Overstimulation:
- Higher testosterone levels can sometimes lead to increased anxiety, making it harder to focus.
- This is especially common if TT causes overstimulation of the nervous system, leading to restlessness and difficulty concentrating.
Sleep Disruptions:
- Testosterone can affect sleep quality, and poor sleep is linked to memory and focus problems.
- If TT causes insomnia or disrupted sleep cycles, it may lead to mental fatigue and slower cognitive function during the day.

How Can You Manage Cognitive Side Effects from Testosterone Therapy?

If you notice cognitive changes after starting TT, there are several ways to manage these effects:

Get Regular Blood Tests:
- Work with your doctor to check testosterone, estrogen, and other hormone levels.
- If levels are too high or unbalanced, adjusting the dosage can help.
Monitor Sleep Patterns:
- Make sure you are getting enough sleep, as poor sleep can worsen cognitive problems.
- If TT is causing sleep disruptions, talk to your doctor about possible adjustments.
Support Brain Health with Diet and Exercise:
- Eating a healthy diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamins can support cognitive function.
- Regular exercise, especially aerobic exercise, improves blood flow to the brain and may help with memory.
Manage Stress and Anxiety:
- High stress levels can impair memory and focus.
- Practices like meditation, deep breathing, and therapy can help manage anxiety that may be linked to TT.

Testosterone therapy has the potential to improve memory, focus, and overall brain function, particularly in men with low testosterone. Some studies suggest that TT can enhance cognitive abilities and even protect against brain aging. However, not everyone experiences these benefits. Some individuals may develop brain fog, anxiety, or other cognitive issues due to hormonal imbalances or sleep problems.

The best way to ensure positive mental effects from TT is to work closely with a doctor, monitor hormone levels, and maintain a healthy lifestyle. If cognitive side effects persist, adjustments to dosage or treatment methods may be necessary.

Can Testosterone Therapy Lead to Aggression or Rage?

Testosterone is a powerful hormone that affects the body and the brain. It helps with muscle growth, energy, libido, and mood. However, some people worry that taking testosterone therapy (TT) might make them more aggressive or even cause extreme anger, often called “roid rage.” But is this true? In this section, we will explain how testosterone affects aggression, what scientific studies say, and what factors might influence aggressive behavior in people on TT.

Understanding Aggression and Testosterone

Aggression is a complex behavior influenced by many factors, including genetics, brain chemistry, environment, and hormones. Testosterone does play a role in aggression, but it is not the only cause. In healthy men, normal testosterone levels help regulate emotions, motivation, and confidence. However, sudden changes in testosterone levels, whether too high or too low, may affect a person’s mood and behavior.

Many people associate testosterone with violent behavior because of its connection to competitive or dominant actions. However, competition and aggression are not the same. Studies show that testosterone increases competitive drive and motivation rather than directly causing violent or aggressive behavior.

What is "Roid Rage," and Does it Apply to Testosterone Therapy?

"Roid rage" is a term used to describe sudden outbursts of anger or aggressive behavior in people who use high doses of anabolic steroids. These steroids are synthetic versions of testosterone that athletes and bodybuilders sometimes use illegally to build muscle quickly. These drugs flood the body with extremely high levels of testosterone, which can cause severe mood swings, paranoia, and aggression.

However, testosterone therapy is different from anabolic steroid abuse. In TT, doctors prescribe controlled doses of testosterone to help people with low levels. The goal is to bring testosterone back to a normal, healthy range, not to overload the body with excessive amounts. Because of this, most people on TT do not experience the extreme anger or aggression seen in steroid abusers.

What the Research Says About Testosterone and Aggression

Studies on testosterone and aggression have mixed results. Some research suggests that testosterone can make people more confident, assertive, or competitive, but not necessarily violent or angry. Other studies indicate that testosterone can improve mood and reduce stress in men with low levels.

Here are a few key findings from scientific studies:

Testosterone increases dominance, not uncontrolled aggression. Some studies show that men with higher testosterone levels are more likely to engage in competitive behavior but are not necessarily more violent or aggressive.
Hormonal balance matters. If testosterone is too high or too low, it can affect mood. Very low testosterone levels are linked to depression, while very high levels may increase irritability.
Personality and mental health play a role. Some people may be more sensitive to changes in hormone levels, especially if they have a history of mood disorders, anxiety, or impulse control issues.
Studies on TT and aggression show minimal effects. Research on men receiving medically prescribed testosterone therapy has found little evidence of increased aggression when doses are properly managed.

Who Might Be More at Risk for Aggression on Testosterone Therapy?

While most people on TT do not experience aggressive behavior, some individuals may be more sensitive to hormonal changes. The following factors can increase the risk of mood swings, irritability, or aggression:

High or Fluctuating Testosterone Levels: If TT is not properly managed, testosterone levels can become too high, which may lead to irritability.
History of Mood Disorders: People with a history of bipolar disorder, anxiety, or depression may have stronger emotional reactions to hormone changes.
Poor Lifestyle Habits: Lack of sleep, high stress, and unhealthy diet choices can amplify mood swings and irritability.
Incorrect Dosing or Self-Medication: Taking more testosterone than prescribed or skipping doses can lead to hormonal imbalances and emotional instability.

How to Prevent Aggression While on Testosterone Therapy

If you are on TT and are worried about aggression, there are several things you can do to keep your mood stable and avoid unwanted side effects:

Follow Your Doctor’s Instructions – Always take testosterone as prescribed. Do not adjust your dose without medical guidance.
Monitor Your Levels – Regular blood tests can help ensure that your testosterone levels stay within a healthy range.
Watch for Early Signs of Mood Changes – If you notice increased irritability, anger, or mood swings, talk to your doctor.
Manage Stress – Exercise, meditation, and relaxation techniques can help stabilize your mood.
Get Enough Sleep – Poor sleep can make mood swings worse. Aim for at least 7–9 hours per night.
Stay Physically Active – Regular exercise helps balance hormones and improves mental well-being.
Seek Support if Needed – If you feel more aggressive or emotionally unstable, speaking with a mental health professional can help.

For most people, testosterone therapy does not cause aggression or rage when taken at medically prescribed doses. The idea of "roid rage" is linked to the abuse of anabolic steroids, not to controlled testosterone therapy. However, some people may experience mood changes, especially if their hormone levels fluctuate or if they have underlying mental health conditions.

To prevent mood-related side effects, it is important to follow medical advice, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and monitor emotional well-being while on TT. If you or someone you know is experiencing aggression or severe mood swings while on TT, consulting a doctor can help adjust treatment and find solutions.

Does Testosterone Therapy Increase the Risk of Psychosis or Mania?

Testosterone therapy (TT) is commonly used to treat low testosterone levels in men, helping with symptoms like fatigue, low libido, and depression. However, one of the biggest concerns among patients and doctors is how TT affects mental health, especially conditions like psychosis and mania. While most men do not experience these severe side effects, some individuals, particularly those with a history of mental illness, may be at risk.

Understanding Psychosis and Mania

Before discussing TT’s effects, it's important to define psychosis and mania:

Psychosis refers to a mental state where a person loses contact with reality. This can include hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there), delusions (strong beliefs that are false), disorganized thinking, and paranoia. Psychosis is often seen in conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression.
Mania is a state of extreme energy, excitement, and euphoria that can cause risky behavior, impulsive decisions, and reduced need for sleep. It is commonly associated with bipolar disorder, but it can also occur due to drug use, hormone imbalances, or certain medical conditions.

Both psychosis and mania are serious conditions that require medical attention. While testosterone is not a direct cause of these mental health issues, it may act as a trigger in people who are already vulnerable.

How Testosterone Affects the Brain

Testosterone is a hormone that plays a key role in brain function. It influences mood, cognition, and emotional stability by interacting with neurotransmitters like:

Dopamine: A chemical that controls pleasure, motivation, and reward. Too much dopamine is linked to psychosis and mania.
Serotonin: A chemical that helps regulate mood and emotional balance. Low serotonin levels can increase anxiety, depression, and impulsivity.
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): A calming neurotransmitter that helps control brain activity. Low GABA levels can contribute to agitation and restlessness.

When testosterone levels rise due to TT, these brain chemicals may shift, leading to changes in mood and behavior. For most men, these changes are minor and positive. However, for some, they can be unpredictable and even severe.

Testosterone Therapy and the Risk of Psychosis

There is limited research directly linking testosterone therapy to psychosis, but some cases suggest a potential connection, especially in people who:

Have a family history of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
Have previously experienced drug-induced psychosis or episodes of paranoia.
Use high doses of testosterone or take it without medical supervision.

One possible reason for this link is dopamine overactivity. Studies suggest that too much dopamine in certain parts of the brain can lead to hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia—common symptoms of psychosis. Since testosterone boosts dopamine, it may push some individuals toward psychotic symptoms, especially if they already have a pre-existing vulnerability.

Although rare, there have been reports of men on high-dose testosterone therapy experiencing:

Severe paranoia (believing others are trying to harm them).
Hearing voices or seeing things that aren’t real.
Extreme confusion or disorganized thinking.

It is crucial to note that these cases are uncommon and usually occur in individuals predisposed to mental illness or those who misuse testosterone.

Testosterone Therapy and the Risk of Mania

Unlike psychosis, mania has a clearer link to testosterone therapy.

Testosterone increases energy, confidence, and motivation, which are normally positive effects. However, in some cases, high doses of testosterone can lead to:

Restlessness and agitation
Racing thoughts and talking too fast
Impulsive decision-making (reckless spending, risky sexual behavior, or substance abuse)
Reduced need for sleep without feeling tired
Feeling invincible or overconfident

For individuals with bipolar disorder, TT may trigger a manic episode. This happens because testosterone affects dopamine levels, and excess dopamine is strongly linked to mania.

Some studies suggest that men with bipolar disorder who start testosterone therapy should be closely monitored to prevent manic symptoms. If a man has a history of mood swings or manic episodes, doctors may recommend:

Using lower doses of testosterone.
Gradually increasing the dosage instead of starting with a high dose.
Monitoring mood changes and adjusting the therapy as needed.

How to Reduce the Risk of Mental Side Effects

If you are undergoing testosterone therapy and worry about psychosis or mania, consider the following precautions:

Get a Mental Health Screening Before Starting TT
- If you have a history of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or severe depression, talk to your doctor before starting testosterone.
Start with a Low Dose
- High doses of testosterone are more likely to cause mood swings and mental instability. A slow increase in dosage allows your body to adjust safely.
Monitor Your Mood Closely
- Keep a journal of how you feel. Watch for sudden changes in irritability, impulsiveness, paranoia, or extreme energy levels.
Tell Your Doctor if You Notice Symptoms
- If you start having symptoms of mania, paranoia, or hallucinations, report them immediately. Your doctor can adjust your dose or change your treatment plan.
Avoid Using Other Hormones or Steroids Without Medical Supervision
- Combining testosterone with other substances like anabolic steroids increases the risk of mental health issues.
Ensure Proper Sleep and Stress Management
- Poor sleep and high stress can worsen mental health symptoms, making it harder to manage mood swings from TT.

Testosterone therapy does not directly cause psychosis or mania, but it may trigger symptoms in people who are already at risk. The key to safe testosterone therapy is proper monitoring, correct dosing, and open communication with your doctor.

If you have a history of mental health issues, it’s essential to take extra precautions before starting TT. While many men benefit greatly from testosterone therapy, understanding potential risks and how to manage them ensures a safe and positive experience.

Can Testosterone Therapy Affect Sleep and Cause Insomnia?

Testosterone therapy (TT) is often used to treat low testosterone levels, which can cause fatigue, low energy, and poor sleep. However, some people who start TT notice changes in their sleep patterns. Some sleep better, while others struggle with insomnia or disrupted sleep.

How Does Testosterone Affect Sleep?

Testosterone plays a role in sleep quality, sleep cycles, and how refreshed you feel in the morning. The body follows a natural rhythm where testosterone levels rise at night and peak in the early morning. Healthy testosterone levels help support deep sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep, which is important for recovery, memory, and overall brain function.

When you take TT, your body receives testosterone from an external source. This can change the body’s natural hormone rhythm, sometimes affecting sleep patterns in ways you may not expect.

Why Do Some People Sleep Better on Testosterone Therapy?

Some men with low testosterone struggle with poor sleep before starting therapy. After beginning TT, they notice that they sleep deeper and wake up feeling more rested. Here’s why:

Increased Energy During the Day – Low testosterone is linked to chronic fatigue. When TT restores testosterone to a healthy level, people often feel more energetic and active during the day. This can lead to more natural tiredness at night, improving sleep.
Improved Mood and Reduced Stress – Low testosterone can contribute to depression and anxiety, which can cause sleep disturbances. When TT improves mood, it may help people feel more relaxed at bedtime.
Better Muscle Recovery and Less Pain – Testosterone helps with muscle repair and reduces inflammation. If a person had body aches or muscle pain before TT, their pain might improve, making it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep.

Why Do Some People Develop Sleep Problems on Testosterone Therapy?

While some men sleep better on TT, others experience insomnia, frequent wake-ups, or poor sleep quality. Several factors can contribute to these issues:

Hormonal Imbalance and Overstimulation
- If TT raises testosterone levels too high, it can cause an increase in energy levels at the wrong times. This might make it hard to relax before bed or lead to feelings of restlessness at night.
- Some men also report feeling more alert or "wired" on TT, which can delay sleep onset.
Increased Anxiety or Mood Changes
- Although TT often improves mood, some people experience heightened anxiety, which can make it harder to sleep.
- If TT causes mood swings, these shifts might lead to racing thoughts or difficulty winding down at bedtime.
Testosterone and Sleep Apnea
- One of the most well-documented effects of TT on sleep is its connection to sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep.
- Research shows that TT can worsen or even trigger sleep apnea in some people, especially those who already had mild symptoms before therapy. This happens because testosterone may cause airway muscles to relax too much, leading to breathing problems.
Disruptions in Melatonin Production
- Testosterone can influence melatonin, the hormone that helps regulate sleep. If melatonin levels drop, it can make it harder to fall asleep at night.
- This effect is more common when TT is taken in high doses or at irregular times.

Tips to Improve Sleep While on Testosterone Therapy

If you are experiencing sleep issues after starting TT, here are some steps to help improve sleep quality:

Monitor Testosterone Levels
- Work with your doctor to ensure your testosterone levels are within a healthy range. If levels are too high, your doctor may adjust your dose.
- Regular blood tests can help track how your body is responding to TT.
Avoid Taking Testosterone at Night
- If you are using topical gels, injections, or other forms of TT, try taking them earlier in the day. This helps the body process testosterone naturally before bedtime.
Practice Good Sleep Hygiene
- Set a consistent bedtime and wake-up time, even on weekends.
- Keep your bedroom cool, dark, and quiet.
- Avoid screens (phones, TVs, computers) at least an hour before bed to prevent blue light from interfering with melatonin production.
Manage Stress and Anxiety
- Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or gentle stretching before bed.
- Reduce caffeine and alcohol intake, as both can worsen sleep disturbances.
Watch for Signs of Sleep Apnea
- If you experience loud snoring, daytime fatigue, or gasping for air while sleeping, talk to your doctor about sleep apnea testing.
- Weight management and avoiding alcohol before bed may help reduce symptoms.
Exercise Earlier in the Day
- Regular physical activity can improve sleep, but intense workouts too close to bedtime may keep you awake longer. Aim to exercise in the morning or afternoon instead.

When to See a Doctor

If sleep problems continue for more than a few weeks or get worse, it's important to talk to a doctor. A healthcare provider can check if the testosterone dose needs adjusting or if there is another underlying issue affecting sleep.

Seek medical attention if you experience:

Severe insomnia that does not improve.
Daytime sleepiness that affects daily life.
Signs of sleep apnea, such as loud snoring, choking during sleep, or extreme fatigue.
Mood changes, anxiety, or depression that interfere with sleep.

Testosterone therapy can have different effects on sleep. While some people experience deeper, more restful sleep, others may develop insomnia, restlessness, or worsened sleep apnea. These effects depend on individual hormone levels, overall health, and lifestyle factors.

By monitoring symptoms, practicing good sleep habits, and working closely with a doctor, most people can find a balance that supports both healthy testosterone levels and good sleep. If sleep problems persist, medical evaluation is recommended to ensure safe and effective use of testosterone therapy.

How Long Do Mental Side Effects of Testosterone Therapy Last?

Testosterone therapy (TT) can have mental side effects that vary from person to person. Some men experience mood swings, anxiety, or trouble sleeping, while others feel better mentally. The duration of these effects depends on several factors, including dosage, how long someone has been on TT, and individual body responses.

Adjustment Period: How Long Does It Take to Adapt?

When starting testosterone therapy, the body needs time to adjust. Testosterone affects brain chemicals such as dopamine, serotonin, and GABA, which influence mood, energy, and sleep. Because of these changes, some men experience mental side effects in the first few weeks of treatment.

First Few Days to Weeks: Some men feel a boost in energy and confidence, while others notice irritability, mood swings, or increased anxiety. These changes happen as the brain adapts to higher testosterone levels.
First Month: Mood swings and emotional changes may be more noticeable. Some men feel restless or have trouble sleeping. Others may experience increased motivation or mental clarity.
Three to Six Months: By this time, most men have adjusted to the therapy. If side effects were mild, they often improve or go away. However, if testosterone levels are too high or low, mental effects may continue.

Short-Term vs. Long-Term Mental Side Effects

Some mental side effects happen in the short term, while others last longer.

Short-Term Mental Side Effects (First Few Weeks to Months)

Mood swings – The brain needs time to balance neurotransmitters, which can cause emotional ups and downs.
Increased anxiety – Some men feel more anxious during the first few weeks of TT. This often improves as hormone levels stabilize.
Insomnia or sleep disturbances – Sleep patterns may change, but these changes usually improve over time.
Increased irritability – The brain’s response to new testosterone levels may cause temporary irritability.

Long-Term Mental Side Effects (Lasting Several Months or More)

Ongoing mood instability – If testosterone levels are not balanced correctly, mood swings may continue.
Persistent anxiety or depression – If anxiety or depression does not improve after a few months, adjustments to the treatment may be needed.
Cognitive changes – Some men report improved focus and memory, but others experience brain fog. This may be linked to hormone imbalances.
Aggression or emotional blunting – If testosterone levels are too high, some men may feel more aggressive or less emotionally responsive.

Long-term mental effects are often related to improper dosage or other health conditions. If mental side effects last for months, a doctor may need to adjust the treatment.

When Do Mental Side Effects Improve or Go Away?

Most mental side effects improve as the body adjusts to testosterone therapy.

Mild symptoms (such as mood swings or sleep issues) often go away within the first four to eight weeks.
Moderate symptoms (such as anxiety or irritability) may take three to six months to resolve.
Severe mental side effects (such as ongoing aggression, depression, or brain fog) may not go away without changes to dosage or additional medical care.

Every person responds differently to TT. Some men feel great within weeks, while others take months to adjust.

When to Seek Medical Help

While mild mental side effects are common in the first few weeks, some symptoms require medical attention. A doctor should be consulted if:

Mood swings or anxiety last longer than three to six months.
Depression becomes severe or leads to thoughts of self-harm.
Aggression or extreme irritability becomes unmanageable.
Sleep problems persist for months and affect daily life.
Brain fog, memory problems, or cognitive issues do not improve.

A doctor may need to adjust the testosterone dose, change the form of treatment (such as switching from injections to gels), or check for other health conditions affecting mental health.

Mental side effects from testosterone therapy vary from person to person. Some men adjust quickly, while others take longer. Most short-term side effects, like mood swings and anxiety, improve within a few weeks to months. However, if mental side effects last longer than expected or become severe, medical help may be needed.

Regular monitoring and proper hormone balance are key to minimizing mental side effects and ensuring a positive experience with testosterone therapy. If side effects persist, adjusting the treatment can help restore mental well-being.

Conclusion

Testosterone therapy (TT) is a treatment used by men with low testosterone levels to improve energy, muscle mass, bone density, and sexual health. However, its effects on mental health are just as important as its physical benefits. While many men report positive changes in mood, confidence, and mental clarity, others experience unwanted mental side effects, such as anxiety, depression, mood swings, or even aggression. These effects can vary from person to person, depending on factors like dosage, pre-existing mental health conditions, and overall hormone balance.

Testosterone plays a major role in brain function. It affects neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and GABA, which regulate mood, emotions, and cognitive function. When levels are too low, men may experience depression, brain fog, or anxiety. When levels are too high, they may feel irritable, aggressive, or restless. The key to avoiding these negative effects is careful monitoring by a healthcare provider. A balanced testosterone level is essential for mental well-being, and both too much and too little can cause problems.

One of the most common mental side effects of testosterone therapy is mood swings. Some men on TT report feeling unusually irritable, impatient, or aggressive. This can happen if testosterone levels rise too quickly or if the body is not adjusting well to the treatment. Others may feel more emotional, experiencing highs and lows that seem out of character. While mood swings are often temporary, they can be frustrating and may affect relationships and daily life. If mood swings become severe or persistent, a doctor may adjust the dosage or suggest additional treatments, such as therapy or lifestyle changes.

Testosterone therapy can also have mixed effects on anxiety. Some men find that their anxiety improves because they feel more energetic, confident, and emotionally stable. Others, however, may experience increased nervousness, restlessness, or panic attacks. This could be due to fluctuations in hormone levels, sensitivity to testosterone, or an imbalance between testosterone and other hormones like estrogen and cortisol. Managing anxiety while on TT may require a combination of medication adjustments, relaxation techniques, and counseling.

Depression is another important concern. Many men with low testosterone experience depression, and TT can help improve their mood by restoring normal hormone levels. However, in some cases, TT may contribute to depressive symptoms. If a man already has depression, changes in hormone levels might temporarily worsen his condition before his body adjusts. It is important to track mental health closely during treatment and report any worsening symptoms to a doctor.

Testosterone therapy also affects memory and cognitive function. Some research suggests that TT can improve focus, mental clarity, and memory, especially in older men with low testosterone. However, in some cases, men report brain fog, forgetfulness, or trouble concentrating after starting TT. These symptoms may be related to dosage, overall health, or interactions with other medications. If cognitive issues occur, adjusting treatment may help.

Aggression and rage are sometimes linked to testosterone therapy, but they are not common when TT is properly managed. The idea of "roid rage" comes from cases of steroid abuse, where people take high doses of synthetic testosterone. Normal TT, when taken under medical supervision, is unlikely to cause extreme aggression. However, some men may become more irritable or short-tempered, especially if their testosterone levels rise too quickly or if their natural personality traits make them more sensitive to hormonal changes.

In rare cases, testosterone therapy may trigger psychosis or mania, particularly in individuals with bipolar disorder or a history of severe mental illness. This is why men with mental health conditions should discuss the risks with their doctor before starting TT. If symptoms like paranoia, hallucinations, or extreme mood swings occur, medical help should be sought immediately.

Sleep disturbances, including insomnia, can also occur with testosterone therapy. While some men sleep better on TT due to improved energy and mood, others find it harder to fall or stay asleep. Sleep problems may result from increased metabolism, higher energy levels, or hormonal imbalances. Poor sleep can also worsen other mental health symptoms, so addressing sleep issues is crucial for overall well-being.

One common question is how long these mental side effects last. Most mental changes related to TT are temporary and improve as the body adjusts to the new hormone levels. However, if side effects persist for several months, it may indicate that the dosage is too high or too low. Regular blood tests and medical check-ups help ensure that TT is working as intended without causing unwanted mental health problems.

In summary, testosterone therapy can have both positive and negative effects on mental health. While it can boost mood, confidence, and cognitive function, it may also lead to mood swings, anxiety, depression, aggression, or sleep disturbances in some men. The best way to manage these risks is through careful monitoring, proper dosing, and open communication with a healthcare provider. If any mental health issues arise, they should be addressed early to prevent them from becoming severe. Every man responds differently to TT, so individualized treatment is essential for maintaining both physical and mental well-being.

Q1: Can testosterone therapy cause mood swings?

Q2: Does testosterone therapy increase the risk of anxiety?

Q3: Can testosterone therapy contribute to depression?

Q4: How does testosterone therapy affect sleep and mental health?

Q5: Can testosterone therapy cause aggression or increased irritability?

Q6: Does testosterone therapy affect memory and cognitive function?

Q7: Can testosterone therapy impact emotional sensitivity?

Q8: Is there a link between testosterone therapy and paranoia or impulsivity?

Q9: How long does it take for mental side effects to stabilize on testosterone therapy?

Q10: Can stopping testosterone therapy lead to mental health issues?

Can Testosterone Therapy Affect Your Mind? Mental Side Effects Explained